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Various Types Of Customers And Their Operation Of Accounts

                                                           TYPE OF CUSTOMERS
On the basis of banking nature, Customers can be classified as :
1. Depositors
2. Borrowers
3. TPP
4. NRIs
5. Walkin

TYPE OF CUSTOMERS
On the Basis of Society customer may be classified as:
Gender    Male    Female  Others
Age          Minor   Major    Senior    Citizen
Profession Salaried   P&SE   Businessman  Farmer
Income    Poor      Rich  HNI
Manner   Gentle   Tough  Short  Tempered
Occupation  Employed  Unemployed  Student  House wife

DIFFERENT TYPE OF CUSTOMERS

1. Individual accounts
a) Single account
b) Joint account
c) Minor Account
d) Illiterate Person
e) Blind Person
f) Pardanasin women
g) Insane person (unsound mind)
h) Insolvent Person

2. Hindu Undivided Family (HUF)

3. Proprietorship Firm

4. Partnership Firm

5. Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)

6. Companies

a) Private Ltd. Company
b) Public Ltd. Company
c) Government Company
d) One person Company

8. Trust

9. Club & Society


OPERATION OF ACCOUNTS

ACCOUNTS OF SINGLE INDIVIDUALS
                              
                                             This is purely a personal account in the name of an  individual and is normally operated upon by the account holder himself.He may authorize another person to operate the account by giving him Mandate or Power of Attorney. In order to avoid legal complications that may arise after the death of the account holder, it is desirable to obtain proper nomination. Individual should be major, i.e. of 18 years of age. Should be of sound mind.

JOINT ACCOUNT OF INDIVIDUALS

                            Joint account of more than one individuals is opened for operational convenience or to avoid legal complications upon death of one of the joint account holders. Clear & unambiguous instructions regarding operation of the account need to be obtained at the time of opening of account.  Addition/deletion of any name, material alteration, Closure of account & operational instructions in the joint account can be changed by all the account holders jointly. However, in joint accounts with operational instructions “Former or Survivor”, instructions can be changed/revoked only by Former.

MODE OF OPERATIONS OF THE  JOINT ACCOUNT

A/c in the names of                             Mode of operation

A & B                                                  Either or Survivor

A & B                                                  Both of us jointly or Survivor

A & B                                                  Former or Survivor

A B C D F                                           Any one/two or more of us or any one/two or more of the                                                                        survivors of us or the survivors of us or the last survivor

A, B & C                                             Former or Survivors


MINOR ACCOUNTS

                    A minor is a person below the age of 18 years. Normally, accounts of minors should be opened and operated upon by the natural guardian, by mother or Legal guardian appointed by the Court. RBI has allowed the Hindu mother to open and operate deposit accounts in the name of the minor child without insisting upon the consent letter from the father in some specified case.
             Account can be opened in the joint name of the minor and the guardian. Two literate minors (from the same family) can also open a joint account. Banks normally allow a literate minor over the age of 10 years and above to operate a deposit account.

#No Current Account should be opened.
#No loan is given to minor.
#Minor can not make a nomination in self operated minor accounts.
#Facilities available of debit card (Bingo Card), pass book, cheque books for minors.
#According to Section 26 of NI Act, a minor can draw, endorse or negotiate a cheque or a bill but he can not be held liable on such cheques or bill. Minor can be admitted to the benefits of partnership
with the consent of other partners but can not be made liable for the losses. A minor may be appointed as an agent on behalf of his principal but legally he can not be held responsible to his
principal.

ILLITERATE PERSONS
  1.  Illiterate person is a person who cannot read or write.
  2.  Such persons are competent to enter in to a valid contract.
  3.  We used thumb impression for entering into an agreement.
  4.  Normally, Left Hand Thumb impression (LHT) of male & Right Hand Thumb impression (RHT) of female to be obtained.
  5.  Thumb impression must be authenticated by bank official.
  6.  Photographs for identification.
  7.  While opening account and providing loans, evidence to be created that the person understood terms & conditions beyond doubt.
  1.  Two witnesses required for nomination.
  2.  Joint account of two illiterates after observing usual safeguards
  3.  Joint account with literate should be carefully opened.
  4.  Normally no cheque book facility is provided to illiterate persons.
  5.      However, to meet periodic repayment of retail loans, utility bills etc. we will consider issuing of cheque book.

BLIND PERSONS ACCOUNT


                     Blind Persons can operate the account in bank. Signature of Thumb impression of blind person in the A/c opening form to be witnessed by a person who should certify that contents of the A/c opening form were explained to the blind person in his presence. The sign may be authorised by bank officer and a witness known to both the bank and the blind person. He should always visit the branch for cash withdrawal. As per all banking facilities including net banking, ATM, Cheque Book, Locker facility, loans to be offered to visually challenged customers without discrimination.

PARDANASHIN WOMAN
Pardanashin woman is a lady who remains in complete seclusion & does not transact any business with people other than her own family members. Normally no current account is opened. Her signature to be attested by her husband in case of married woman & by natural guardian in case of unmarried girl.

  • Her photo and signature is attested by husband or by natural guardian.

  • Generally, banks should discourage to open accounts in her name as her identity can not be ascertained.

INSANE OR LUNATIC PERSON
            
                           As per provisions of Indian Lunacy Act, 1912 insane or lunatic means a person
who is of unsound mind. As per Indian Contract Act (S. 11) a person of unsound mind is not capable of entering into a valid contract. Hence Accounts of insane persons can not be opened.

INSOLVENT PERSON

• When a person is not able to discharge his liabilities in full or fails to pay his debts, he is
known as insolvent.

• Insolvents account should not be opened nor money should be advanced to un discharged
insolvent.

• The operation in the account of a person declared insolvent should be stopped and the account can be operated by official receiver.

HINDU UNDIVIDED FAMILY (HUF)

                        ‘Hindu Undivided Family’ otherwise known as ‘Joint Hindu Family’ property, business or estate is ancestral and its common possession, enjoyment ownership is the basis of formation of HUF. As per Hindu law, the Hindus, Sikhs & Jains can form HUF. HUF is governed basically by two school of thought. In Bengal, it is governed by Dayabhag law in other parts of
India, it is governed by Mitakshara Law .
 Creation of Hindu Law under which all major members of the family get right by birth in the ancestral property of the family. PAN of HUF required, if not at least Karta should have PAN.

HINDU UNDIVIDED FAMILY

             HUF property is managed by senior most major male member called ‘Manager’ or ‘Karta’. Upon death of Karta, next senior male coparcener becomes Karta. Joint owner of HUF are known as coparceners. It consists of one common living ancestor and his all male & female (female from Sept. 2005) descendents up to 3 generation next to him. HUF A/c is operated upon by Karta. Joint Hindu Family Letter (CD-115) to be signed by Karta & all the coparceners. Minor coparcenors signature by his guardian. Karta has authority to borrow money for the family necessities & for ancestral family business. In law, each coparcener’s liability is limited to his own interest in the joint property. Hence, Bank insists that security documents are signed by all the coparceners.

                 Death of coparcener does not dissolve HUF. However, it is advisable to obtain fresh card with fresh CD-115 letter on death, or insolvency of karta or any other coparcener. According to IT act, tax rebates and deductions can be availed under sections 80C, 88 and 80L for HUF account.

DOCUMENTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM HUF

1. KYC Official Valid Documents of Karta;
2. KYC Official Valid Documents of all coparcener;
3. PAN of HUF & PAN of Karta;
4. Photograph;
5. Joint Hindu Family Letter (CD-115).

PROPRIETORY FIRMS

                     Business wholly owned by an individual. In law, there is no difference between
proprietor & the firm. Proprietorship letter in bank’s Performa to be
obtained. Proof of proprietorship may be obtained. In all respects, it is an account in the name of
an individual only except that it is operated upon by the proprietor on behalf of firm. The firm should have PAN or TAN.

PROPRIETORY FIRMS
Creditors have recourse not only against assets of the firm but also against private assets of the
proprietor. Bank insist that proprietor should execute the security documents in the capacity as
Proprietor on behalf of the firm as well as in his individual capacity. Proprietor can authorise another person to operate the account through Mandate or Power of Attorney.

DOCUMENTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM PROPRIETORSHIP FIRM

1. KYC Official Valid Documents of Proprietor;
2. Registration certificate of Firm;
3. PAN & TAN of Firm;
4. PAN of Proprietor;
5. Photograph of Proprietor;
6. Proprietorship letter

PARTNERSHIP FIRMS

                                Partnership is the relation between persons who have agreed to share profits of business carried on by all or any one them acting for all (Partnership Act 1932). Registration Certificate and Partnership deed to be obtained. (Cir Letter No 2014-15/102 dated 08.10.2014)
 As per Companies Act 2013, Maximum number of partner can be up to 100 (excluding minor) in a firm. (Earlier number restricted to 20 for other businesses & 10 for Banking business). Partnership is not a distinct legal person from the partners who have made partnership firm. The firm should have PAN or TAN.

ACCOUNTS OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM
                Partners will sign on behalf of firm & also in their individual capacity. Operational instructions should be clear in Partnership deed. In the absence of clear cut operational instructions, account to be operated upon by all the partners jointly. Any partner can stop cheque issued by another
partner. Cheques favouring firm can not be deposited in the individual accounts of partners.

PARTNERSHIP FIRMS
               
  • A partner can not delegate his authority to operate the account.
               
  • A minor cannot a partner , but he can be admitted for his benefit in an existing partnership firm.

  • The particulars of minor partner, particularly the DOB should be properly recorded.
  • In case of death/retirement/insolvency of a partner a/c should be stopped, if the balance is in debit and a fresh account should opened after fresh sanction of limit.

  • In case of dispute when one partner revokes the authority against the other partner, operation in the account should be stopped.

DISSOLUTION OF PARTNERSHIP FIRMS

Dissolution takes place:
  • By mutual consent;
  • Death/insolvency/retirement of a partner;
  • Operation of Law ( insolvency of all partners, business becoming unlawful, dissolution by a competent court, and in case of automatic dissolution.

DOCUMENTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM PARTNERSHIP FIRM

1. KYC Official Valid Documents of all Partners;
2. Registration certificate of Firm;
3. Partnership Deed
4. PAN & TAN of Firm;
5. PAN of Partners;
6. Photograph of Partners;
7. Partnership letter.


COMPANY ACCOUNTS

                         Company Act 2013, recognise Company is a legal person with perpetual entity & is distinct from it’s members. Companies as per the Companies Act 1956 are required to registered under act.

Types of companies in India:
1. Private Limited Company
2. Public Limited Company
3. Government Company
4. One Person Company

PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY
Members;
Min. – 2 members
Max. - 200 members.
Shares are not offered to public.
Transfer of shares is restricted. (Closely held shares).
No of Directors;
Min- 02
Max - no ceiling
Minimum Paid-up Capital - Rs. 1,00,000/-

PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY

Shares are offered to the public & are listed on stock exchange.
Members –Min. 7 & Max – No limit
Directors – Min 3 & Max. no limit (Cent. Govt. permission required for more than 15)
Certificate of commencement of business is must to do any type of business.
Minimum paid-up capital of Rs. 5,00,000/-.

GOVERNMENT COMPANY
“Government company” means any company in which not less than fifty one per cent. of the paid-up share capital is held by the Central Government, or by any State Government or Governments, or partly by the Central Government and partly by one or more State Governments, and includes a
company which is a subsidiary company of

ONE PERSON COMPANY
One-person company: The 2013 Act introduces a new type of entity to the existing list i.e. apart from forming a public or private limited company, the 2013 Act enables the formation of a new
entity a ‘one-person company’ (OPC). An OPC means a company with only one person as its member [section 3(1) of 2013 Act].

DOCUMENTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM LIMITED COMPANY

1. A copy of latest balance sheet of the company;
2. List of present directors;
3. Board Resolution;
4. Company common Seal;
5. Certificate of Incorporation;
6. Certificate of commencement of business;
(not required for private limited company)
7. Memorandum of Association;
8. Article of Association.

1. Certificate of Incorporation : Issued by Registrar of Companies. It is conclusive proof for
incorporation of the company & compliance of all formalities by promoters.

2. Certificate of commencement of business : Certificate of commencement of business is not
required by Private Ltd. Co. as it’s shares are closely held & it can commence business on it’s
incorporation. such a Government company.

3.Memorandum of Association – Company’s fundamental & unalterable law. Embodies Company’s name, Authorized capital, Objectives of the company, Liability of share holders.

4.Article of Association – Regulations controlling internal management of the company. Rights &
powers of the Directors, rules about conduct of company meetings & business, Procedure for borrowing & limit on borrowing.

IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS OF LIMITED COMPANY

                   Copy of Board Resolution– Certified copy of Board Resolution authorizing to borrow from the Bank with details of limit, security etc., Persons who are authorized to sign the security
documents & operate the Bank Account, persons in whose presence Seal of the company will be
affixed to the security documents. Company common Seal- Common seal of company must be embossed on bank`s documents.


TRUST

                                          Trusts are governed by the Indian Trust Act, 1882.Trust may be public charitable trust or private trust ( for benefit of private individuals). Trusts managed by trustees. Original Trust Deed to be examined before opening A/c. A/c opening form to be signed by all trustees. Certificate of Registration under Public Trust Act to be examined & copy to be kept on record. When Trust Deed is silent about operation of the account, A/c should be operated upon by all the trustees jointly.

DOCUMENTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM TRUST

1. KYC Official Valid Documents of all trustees;
2. Certify copy of Trust Deed;
3. In case of public trust, a copy of the registration and certificate from Charity Commission.
4. An undertaking from the trust on appropriate adhesive stamp paper to indemnity the bank against proceeds, actionable claims etc.
5. PAN & TAN of Trust;
6. PAN of trustees;
7. Resolution for opening of accounts;
8. Photograph of trustees.

CLUBS & SOCIETIES

                            Society & Clubs are non profit making organisations and represents a group of persons. These are normally incorporated under Cooperative Society Act. Clubs can be registered under Society Act 1860, or Company Act 1956. These gets the status of a legal entity only after their
incorporation in their own name. These are governed by rules & regulations (bye laws). Certified true copy of resolution.
 Cheques favouring society, club, association not to be collected in individual A/Cs of office bearers or employees.

DOCUMENTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM CLUB & SOCIETY

1. KYC Official Valid Documents of all authorized persons;
2. Copy of Registration certificate after verifying it with original.
3. Certify copy of rules & regulations (Bye-laws);
4. PAN & TAN of CLUB & SOCIETY;
5. PAN of all authorised persons;
6. Resolution for opening of accounts;




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